{"classified_as":[{"_id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300033799","label":"oil paintings (visual works)","type":"Type"},{"_id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300033618","label":"paintings (visual works)","type":"Type"},{"_label":"Collection Item","id":"https://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404024","type":"Type"}],"id":"https://data.okeeffemuseum.org/object/8788","identified_by":[{"classified_as":[{"_label":"non-preferred identifiers","id":"https://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300264273"}],"content":"773, Catalogue Raisonné","type":"Identifier"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"catalogue raisonnée number","id":"https://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026061"}],"content":"773","type":"Identifier"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"repository number","id":"https://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404621"}],"content":"8788","type":"Identifier"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"preferred term","id":"https://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300404670"}],"content":"Cow's Skull, Red, White and Blue","type":"Name"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"non-preferred identifiers","id":"https://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300264273"}],"content":{"alternate-title":{"titles":[{"notes":"Source of title: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.","title":"Cow's Skull: Red, White, and Blue","type":"alternate-title"}],"type":"alternate-title"},"alternate-title-1999-catalogue-raisonne":{"titles":[{"notes":"Source of title: Downtown Gallery Archive.","title":"Cow's Skull (Red, White \u0026 Blue)","type":"alternate-title-1999-catalogue-raisonne"},{"notes":"Source of title: Downtown Gallery Archive.","title":"Cow's Skull – Red, White and Blue","type":"alternate-title-1999-catalogue-raisonne"},{"notes":"Source of title: Abiquiú Notebooks.","title":"Cow's Skull, Red White and Blue","type":"alternate-title-1999-catalogue-raisonne"}],"type":"alternate-title-1999-catalogue-raisonne"},"title-1999-catalogue-raisonne":{"titles":[{"notes":"Source of title: Whitney Archive.","title":"Cow's Skull, Red, White and Blue","type":"title-1999-catalogue-raisonne"}],"type":"title-1999-catalogue-raisonne"}},"type":"Name"}],"produced_by":{"carried_out_by":[{"_label":"Georgia O'Keeffe","id":"actor/2","type":"Actor"}],"timespan":{"type":"TimeSpan"},"type":"Production"},"referred_to_by":[{"classified_as":[{"_label":"credit line","id":"https://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300026687"}],"content":"Alfred Stieglitz Collection, 1952","type":"LinguisticObject"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"Caption - Complete","id":"https://data.okeeffemuseum.org/terms/caption_complete"}],"content":"Georgia O'Keeffe. Cow's Skull, Red, White and Blue, 1931. Oil on canvas, 39 7/8 x 35 7/8 inches. Metropolitan Museum of Art (The Met). Alfred Stieglitz Collection, 1952. © Metropolitan Museum of Art (The Met)","type":"LinguisticObject"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"Caption - Copyright","id":"https://data.okeeffemuseum.org/terms/caption_copyright"}],"content":"© Metropolitan Museum of Art (The Met)","type":"LinguisticObject"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"Measurement Description","id":"https://data.okeeffemuseum.org/terms/measurement_description"}],"content":"39 7/8 x 35 7/8 inches","type":"LinguisticObject"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"Materials description","id":"https://data.okeeffemuseum.org/terms/materials_description"}],"content":"Oil on canvas","type":"LinguisticObject"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"Caption - Artist(s)","id":"https://data.okeeffemuseum.org/terms/caption_artist"}],"content":"Georgia O'Keeffe","type":"LinguisticObject"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"cr_remarks_1999","id":"https://data.okeeffemuseum.org/terms/local/cr_remarks_1999"}],"content":["Whitney Archive indicates, \"See Gallery photograph. . . . Infor. from Miss Bry (An Amer. Place), July 1949: On permanent loan to the Metropolitan Museum of Art from Georgia O'Keeffe as part of the Alfred Stieglitz Coll.\" Pictured in 1931–32 New York (An American Place) Stieglitz installation photograph, see Appendix III, figure 51. O'Keeffe wrote: 'I painted a horse's skull –– then another . . . and then another. . . . After that came a cow's skull on blue. . . . As I was working I thought of the city men I had been seeing in the East. They talked so often of writing the Great American Novel –– the Great American Play –– the Great American Poetry. . . . So as I painted along on my cow's skull on blue I thought to myself, 'I'll make it an American painting. They will not think it great with the red stripes down the sides –– Red, White and Blue –– but they will notice it'' (*Georgia O'Keeffe* [1976], unpaginated, text accompanying entry 58). Reproduced and titled *Death and Transformation* in *New York Sun* (January 1932); *Life and Transformation* in *The Springfield Sunday Union and Republican* (January 1932). These titles were assigned by Stieglitz. (Source: Lynes, 1999)"],"type":"LinguisticObject"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"description statement","id":"https://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300435416"}],"content":"A bright white cow's skull with large horns occupies the center of the composition. A black stripe runs vertically down the center of the painting, behind the skull. Red stripes run on the right and left edges of the work. Behind the stripes, a blue and white background fills the rest of the canvas.","type":"LinguisticObject"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"provenance_narrative","id":"https://data.okeeffemuseum.org/terms/local/provenance_narrative"}],"content":"The artist (1931–52; on extended loan to MMA, 1949–52; her gift as part of the Alfred Stieglitz Collection to MMA) (Source: The Met, 2025)","type":"LinguisticObject"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"Caption - Medium and Dimensions","id":"https://data.okeeffemuseum.org/terms/caption_medium_dims"}],"content":"Oil on canvas, 39 7/8 x 35 7/8 inches","type":"LinguisticObject"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"Caption - Title and Date","id":"https://data.okeeffemuseum.org/terms/caption_title_date"}],"content":"Cow's Skull, Red, White and Blue, 1931","type":"LinguisticObject"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"selected_references","id":"https://data.okeeffemuseum.org/terms/local/selected_references"}],"content":"Edward Alden Jewell. \"Art: Georgia O'Keeffe Shows Work.\" New York Times (December 29, 1931), p. 28. \n \nHenry McBride. \"Skeletons on the Plains: Miss O'Keeffe Returns from the West with Grewsome Trophies.\" New York Sun (January 2, 1932), p. 8, ill., as \"Death and Transformation\". \n \nElizabeth McCausland. \"Georgia O'Keeffe Exhibits Skulls and Roses of 1931.\" Springfield Sunday Union and Republican (January 10, 1932), p. 6E, ill., as \"Life and Transformation\". \n \nRobert Beverly Hale. 100 American Painters of the 20th Century: Works Selected from the Collections of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1950, ill. (color) p. 58 and front cover. \n \nThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Miniatures. Vol. 17, album W, Twentieth-Century American Painters. New York, 1950, unpaginated, no. 8, ill. (color). \n \n\"Panorama of American 20th Century Art Exhibited.\" Santa Barbara News-Press (June 18, 1950), p. C-5. \n \nFrancis Henry Taylor. Fifty Centuries of Art. New York, 1954, ill. p. 184 (color). \n \nHarrison E. Salisbury. \"Molotov Visits Museum and U.N.\" New York Times (June 16, 1955), p. 3. \n \nJames Thrall Soby in New Art in America: Fifty Painters of the 20th Century. Ed. John I. H. Baur. Greenwich, Conn., 1957, ill. p. 110. \n \nMartin Friedman. \"The Precisionist View.\" Art in America 48, no. 3 ([Fall] 1960), ill. p. 36 (color). \n \nHenry Geldzahler. American Painting in the Twentieth Century. New York, 1965, pp. 132–33, ill. \n \nDoris Reno. \"Miami's Old 17th Century Friend Found Shining in a New Setting.\" Miami Herald (August 22, 1965), p. 21E, ill., calls it \"Cow's Skull\". \n \nDorothy Seiberling. \"Horizons of a Pioneer: Georgia O'Keeffe in New Mexico.\" Life 64 (March 1, 1968), cover ill. \n \nGeorge M. Cohen. A History of American Art. New York, 1971, p. 177. \n \nCharles Child Eldredge. \"Georgia O'Keeffe: The Development of an American Modern.\" PhD diss., University of Minnesota, 1971, pp. xv, 258, fig. 45. \n \nNora B. Beeson. Guide to The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1972, p. 279, no. 8. \n \nMarshall B. Davidson. The American Heritage History of the Artists' America. New York, 1973, pp. 330–31, ill. (color). \n \nGeorgia O'Keeffe. Georgia O'Keeffe. New York, 1976, text facing pl. 58, ill. \n \nA. Hyatt Mayor. The Metropolitan Museum of Art: Favorite Paintings. New York, 1979, pp. 100–101, ill. (color). \n \nHoward Hibbard. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 1980, pp. 508–9, fig. 922. \n \nSharyn Rohlfsen Udall. \"Modernist Painting in New Mexico 1913–1933.\" PhD diss., University of New Mexico, 1981, p. 259, fig. 68. \n \nPatricia Janis Broder. The American West: The Modern Vision. Boston, 1984, pp. 158–59, 168, ill. \n \nLisa Mintz Messinger. \"Georgia O'Keeffe.\" Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 42 (Fall 1984), pp. 46–47, 49, 60, fig. 46. \n \nJan Garden Castro. The Art and Life of Georgia O'Keeffe. New York, 1985, pp. 90, 92. \n \nSasha M. Newman. Georgia O'Keeffe. Washington, D. C., 1985, p. 29, pl. 14. \n \nEdward Lucie-Smith. Art of the 1930s: The Age of Anxiety. New York, 1985, p. 243, fig. 148. \n \nMichael Desmond in 20th Century Masters from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Exh. cat., Australian National Gallery. Canberra, 1986, p. 57, ill. (color). \n \nEdith Evans Asbury. \"Georgia O'Keeffe Dead at 98: Shaper of Modern Art in U.S.\" New York Times (March 7, 1986), p. A17, ill. \n \nErika Billeter. \"Georgia O'Keeffe's Bilder.\" Du (May 1987), p. 59, ill. \n \nMatt Damsker. \"The Met Goes Modern: New Wing a Treasure Box, Even If Collection Has Gaps.\" Hartford Courant (February 11, 1987), p. C7. \n \nHelen Kohen. \"Metropolitan Goes Modern With New Wing.\" Miami Herald (February 1, 1987), p. 8K, ill. \n \nWilliam Wilson. \"A Mod Fan Dance at The Met.\" Los Angeles Times (February 8, 1987), p. 5. \n \nAmei Wallach. \"It's Modern's Time at the Metropolitan.\" Newsday (January 4, 1987), p. II/5, ill. \n \nSylvia Hochfield. \"Thoroughly Modern Met.\" Art News 86 (February 1987), p. 115. \n \nLisa Mintz Messinger. Georgia O'Keeffe. New York, 1988, pp. 72, 76, fig. 54 (color). \n \nMichael Berry. Georgia O'Keeffe. New York, 1988, pp. 70–71, ill. \n \nAnita Pollitzer. A Woman on Paper: Georgia O'Keeffe. New York, 1988, pp. 211–12, ill. \n \nRoxana Robinson. Georgia O'Keeffe: A Life. New York, 1989, pp. 366–67. \n \nDoris Bry and Nicholas Callaway, ed. Georgia O'Keeffe in the West. New York, 1989, pl. 27. \n \nDonald Goddard. American Painting. New York, 1990, ill. p. 195 (color). \n \nSarah Whitaker Peters. Becoming O'Keeffe: The Early Years. New York, 1991, p. 357 n. 107. \n \nCharles Child Eldredge. Georgia O'Keeffe. New York, 1991, pp. 118–21, ill. \n \nChristopher Merrill and Ellen Bradbury, ed. From the Faraway Nearby: Georgia O'Keeffe as Icon. Reading, Mass., 1992, pp. 63–64, fig. 5. \n \nElizabeth Montgomery. Georgia O'Keeffe. New York, 1993, pp. 112–13, ill. \n \nMike Venezia. Georgia O'Keeffe. Chicago, 1993, cover ill. \n \nMaria Costantino. Georgia O'Keeffe. New York, 1994, pp. 35, 118. \n \nBarbara Burn, ed. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide. 2nd rev. ed. (1st ed., 1983). New York, 1994, p. 441, no. 19, ill. (color). \n \nJula Dech. Georgia O'Keeffe: Gemälde. Munich, 1995, fig. 25. \n \nLois Palken Rudnick. Utopian Vistas: The Mabel Dodge Luhan House and the American Counterculture. Albuquerque, 1996, pp. 134–36, ill. \n \nLisa Mintz Messinger in The Georgia O'Keeffe Museum. Ed. Peter H. Hassrick. New York, 1997, p. 41. \n \nM. Sue Kendall in Nannette V. Maciejunes and Michael D. Hall. The Paintings of Charles Burchfield: North by Midwest. Exh. cat., Columbus Museum of Art. Columbus, 1997, p. 97. \n \nBarbara Buhler Lynes. Georgia O'Keeffe: Catalogue Raisonné. New Haven, Conn., 1999, vol. 1, pp. 468–69, no. 773, ill. \n \nWanda M. Corn. The Great American Thing: Modern Art and National Identity, 1915–1935. Berkeley, 1999, pp. 245–50, 266, 269, 280, 284, 286–88, 290–91, 302–3, 423, figs. 214 (color), 242 (installation photo, An American Place, Exh. New York 1931–32). \n \nStella Paul. Twentieth-Century Art at the Metropolitan Museum of Art: A Resource for Educators. New York, 1999, pp. 67–69, ill. and ill. p. 66 (color), calls it \"Red, White and Blue\". \n \nSarah Greenough in Sarah Greenough. Modern Art and America: Alfred Stieglitz and His New York Galleries. Exh. cat., National Gallery of Art. Washington, D. C., 2000, p. 460, fig. 126. \n \nLisa Mintz Messinger. Georgia O'Keeffe. London, 2001, pp. 82, 126, 128–29, fig. 82. \n \nBarbara Buhler Lynes with Russell Bowman. O'Keeffe's O'Keeffes: The Artist's Collection. Exh. cat., Milwaukee Art Museum. New York, 2001, pp. 50, 169. \n \nJonathan Weinberg. Ambition and Love in Modern Art. New Haven, 2001, pp. 107–9, 114, fig. 5.2. \n \nErika Doss. Twentieth-Century American Art. Oxford, 2002, pp. 89–91, fig. 43 (color). \n \nVivien Green Fryd. Art and the Crisis of Marriage: Edward Hopper and Georgia O'Keeffe. Chicago, 2003, pp. 184–85, fig. 109. \n \nLlorenç Bonet and Sol Kliczkowski, ed. Frank Lloyd Wright, Georgia O'Keeffe. New York, 2003, pp. 88–89, ill. \n \nDanielle Tilkin et al. New York et l'art moderne: Alfred Stieglitz et son cercle (1905–1930). Exh. cat., Musée d'Orsay. Paris, 2004, pp. 236, 238, fig. 74 (Spanish ed., 2004). \n \nHunter Drohojowska-Philp. Full Bloom: The Art and Life of Georgia O'Keeffe. New York, 2004, pp. 332–33, ill. between pp. 376–77. \n \nJanet Souter. Georgia O'Keeffe. London, 2005, fig. 36. \n \nJanet Souter. Georgia O'Keeffe. New York, 2005, pp. 117, 120, 122, ill. \n \nJohn Carlin and Jonathan Fineberg. Imagining America: Icons of 20th-Century American Art. New Haven and London, 2005, pp. 42, 46, 51–52, ill. pp. 48 (overall), 2, 49 (details). \n \nDonna M. Cassidy. Marsden Hartley: Race, Region, and Nation. Hanover, N.H., 2005, p. 23, fig. 1.2. \n \nSusan Wright. Georgia O'Keeffe: An Eternal Spirit. (1st ed., 1996). [New York], 2006, pp. 84–85, ill. \n \nLothar Schirmer, ed. Georgia O'Keeffe/John Loengard: Paintings and Photographs, a Visit to Abiquiu and Ghost Ranch. Munich, 2006, book jacket (detail ill.), fig. 47. \n \nJonathan Stuhlman and Barbara Buhler Lynes. Georgia O'Keeffe: Circling Around Abstraction. Exh. cat., Norton Museum of Art. West Palm Beach, 2007, p. 30, fig. 17. \n \nEdward J. Sullivan. The Language of Objects in the Art of the Americas. New Haven, 2007, p. 292 n. 19. \n \nKatja Fauth. Modernist Visions in Taos: Mabel Dodge Luhan and the Artists of the Stieglitz Circle. Marburg, Germany, 2009, pp. 163, 171–73, 192, fig. 35. \n \nLisa Mintz Messinger in Stieglitz and His Artists: Matisse to O'Keeffe. The Alfred Stieglitz Collection in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Ed. Lisa Mintz Messinger. Exh. cat., The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 2011, pp. 8, 14, 193, 202–3, 281, no. 189, ill. (color). \n \nSarah Greenough, ed. My Faraway One: Selected Letters of Georgia O'Keeffe and Alfred Stieglitz. Vol. 1, 1915–1933. New Haven, Conn., 2011, pp. 596, 603–4, 630. \n \nKatherine Hoffman. Alfred Stieglitz: A Legacy of Light. New Haven, 2011, fig. 184 (color). \n \nHolland Cotter. \"High Aims for Art's Sake.\" New York Times (October 14, 2011), p. C25. \n \nThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide. New York, 2012, p. 416, ill. (color). \n \nBarbara Buhler Lynes and Carolyn Kastner. Georgia O'Keeffe in New Mexico. Exh. cat., Montclair Art Museum. Sante Fe, 2012, pp. 34–35. \n \nLauren Kroiz. Creative Composites: Modernism, Race, and the Stieglitz Circle. Berkeley, 2012, pp. 183–84, 190, 241 n. 141, colorpl. 8. \n \nRoberta Smith. \"A Trans-Atlantic View of Modernism.\" New York Times (January 9, 2015), p. C30. \n \nJudith A. Barter in America after the Fall: Painting in the 1930s. Ed. Judith A. Barter. Exh. cat., Art Institute of Chicago. Chicago, 2016, pp. 18, 186, no. 37, fig. 2 (color). \n \nAnnelise K. Madsen in America after the Fall: Painting in the 1930s. Ed. Judith A. Barter. Exh. cat., Art Institute of Chicago. Chicago, 2016, pp. 103–4, 112 n. 49. \n \nSarah Kelly Oehler in America after the Fall: Painting in the 1930s. Ed. Judith A. Barter. Exh. cat., Art Institute of Chicago. Chicago, 2016, pp. 65, 67. \n \nKathryn Calley Galitz. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Masterpiece Paintings. New York, 2016, p. 525, ill. (color), colorpl. 449. \n \nTanya Barson in Georgia O'Keeffe. Ed. Tanya Barson. Exh. cat., Tate Modern. London, 2016, pp. 16, 20, 246 nn. 44, 53. \n \nSarah Greenough in Georgia O'Keeffe. Ed. Tanya Barson. Exh. cat., Tate Modern. London, 2016, pp. 58, 248 n. 43. \n \nCody Hartley in Georgia O'Keeffe. Ed. Tanya Barson. Exh. cat., Tate Modern. London, 2016, p. 152, fig. 135 (color). \n \nThe Metropolitan Museum of Art Guide. New York, 2019, p. 416, ill. (color). \n \nMax Hollein. Modern and Contemporary Art in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 2019, p. 7, ill. p. 55 (color). \n \nDouglas Eklund, Marilyn F. Friedman, and Randall R. Griffey in Making The Met, 1870–2020. Ed. Andrea Bayer with Laura D. Corey. Exh. cat., The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 2020, pp. 166, 253, fig. 182 (color). \n \nDidier Ottinger in Marta Ruiz del Árbol. Georgia O'Keeffe. Exh. cat., Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza. Madrid, 2021, p. 68, fig. 46 (color). \n \nAllison Rudnick. Art for the Millions: American Culture and Politics in the 1930s. Exh. cat., The Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York, 2023, pp. 20, 196, colorpl. 51. \n \nTamar Boyadjian. \"On Labor and Race in Great Depression America.\" hyperallergic.com. September 27, 2023, ill. (color). \n \nKaren Wilkin. \"Yesterday's Tomorrow.\" New Criterion 42 (December 2023), p. 32. \n \nLauren Kroiz. Thomas Hart Benton: Where Does the West Begin? Exh. cat., Schoelkopf Gallery. New York, 2024, p. 18, fig. 18 (color).","type":"LinguisticObject"},{"classified_as":[{"_label":"Caption - Holding Institution","id":"https://data.okeeffemuseum.org/terms/caption_instituion"}],"content":"Metropolitan Museum of Art (The Met)","type":"LinguisticObject"}],"representation":[{"digitally_shown_by":[{"access_point":[{"id":"https://iiif.okeeffemuseum.org/image/iiif/2/713964/full/full/0/default.jpg","type":"DigitalObject"}],"classified_as":[{"_label":"Digital Image","id":"http://vocab.getty.edu/aat/300215302","type":"Type"}],"digitally_available_via":[{"access_point":[{"id":"https://iiif.okeeffemuseum.org/image/iiif/2/713964"}],"conforms_to":[{"id":"http://iiif.io/api/image","type":"InformationObject"}],"format":"application/ld+json;profile='http://iiif.io/api/image/2/context.json'","type":"DigitalService"}],"type":"DigitalObject"}],"type":"VisualItem"}],"type":"HumanMadeObject"}