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Georgia O'Keeffe Museum: Access O'Keeffe
Georgia O'Keeffe
Clam and Mussel, 1926
Courtesy of Georgia O'Keeffe Museum. Photo: Tim Nighswander/IMAGING4ART
Image: okeeffe_CR534_clam-and-mussel_790026.jpg
Georgia O'Keeffe
Clam and Mussel, 1926
Oil on canvas, 9 x 7 inches
CR No. 534
Gift of The Georgia O'Keeffe Foundation
2006.5.107
Oil on canvas, 9 x 7 inches
Gift of The Georgia O'Keeffe Foundation
2006.5.107
CR No. 534

In this small painting, a mussel shell rests inside a clam shell. The inner sides of both shells are visible to the viewer. The clam shell is light in color. Its hinge touches the left side of the canvas. The mussel shell is darker in color, and much of its visible inner side reflects its characteristic pearlesque luster.

CR No. 534

Title (1999 Catalogue Raisonné)

Clam and Mussel

Source of title: Whitney Archive, Downtown Gallery Archive, Abiquiú Notebooks.

Alternate Title (1999 Catalogue Raisonné)

Dark Shell

The Seashell

General Remarks

Whitney Archive indicates, "Exam. at Amer. Place, March 1946." Abiquiú Notebooks notes stretcher inscription 1 and indicates, "Back: OK initials and star [not verified]. Pair with 'Tan Clam with Seaweed.'" Stretcher inscription 2 indicates preparatory work. O'Keeffe wrote: "I have picked up shells along the coast of Maine –– farther south, in the Bermudas and Bahamas I found conch shells along the pure sandy beaches...Each shell was a beautiful world in itself" (Georgia O'Keeffe [1976], unpaginated, text accompanying entry 79). (Source: Lynes, 1999)

Inscriptions

Inscriptions: Stretcher:

  1. August 1926 / Georgia O'Keeffe" (graphite)
  2. "Zinc W / Shape 2" (graphite)
  3. O'Keeffe B" [B in circle] (George Of, graphite)
  4. "111 [in circle] #2 (unidentified hand, graphite) Backing:
  5. "New York -- N.Y." (Art Institute of Chicago label, black ink)
  6. "Dark Shell" (Alfred Stieglitz, graphite)
  7. "Georgia O'Keeffe...Gallery / Exhibition 1927" [inscription obscured by label] (Alfred Stieglitz, graphite)
  8. Label: handwritten, "An American Place' / 509 Madison Avenue / New York — N.Y. / Georgia O'Keeffe"
  9. Stamp: "Georgia O'Keeffe / An American Place / Room 1710— 509 Madison Ave. / New York — N.Y." (Source: Lynes, 1999)
Technique

Oil Painting

Materials

Oil on canvas

Estate of the artist, 1986
Georgia O’Keeffe Foundation, 1993
Gift to Georgia O’Keeffe Museum, 2006
(Source: Georgia O'Keeffe Museum, 2025)

Credits & Rights

© Georgia O'Keeffe Museum

Administrative Information

Version History

Core fields last updated 10/29/2026

Source System ID

1001

Other IDs

534, Catalogue Raisonné

Conservation

Information is from the most recently submitted report, please contact the current owner to verify updated details.
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION

Support: The support is a 1 x 1 plain-weave, processed-linen, commercially primed canvas with warps stretched in the vertical orientation over an "American Type", double-bevel-faced, miter-cut ended, mortise-and-tenon joined, keyable softwood, commercial stretcher bar, pre-cut to the whole inch, 1 ¾" wide x ¾" thick in 9" and 7" sized lengths. The canvas is stretched and tacked using blued steel tacks spaced evenly apart. One original key is extant and taped to the stretcher. The canvas has 32 warp threads per inch (tpi) and 39 weft threads per inch (tpi).

Ground or Support Preparation: The processed linen canvas has a commercially applied primer consisting of 2PbCO3•Pb(OH)2) and ZnO in oil, characterized using x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy at 15kV, 33 and 40kV, and 28.8, 18, and 3.8 µA under full vacuum.

 

Design Layers: The paints have been applied over charcoal/graphite line under-drawing in single layers, such that the texture of the primed canvas is generally visible through the paint, and the canvas or primer functions as a reflective design surface. The artist has prepared her higher-value whites and lighter colors to achieve a matte, slightly stiff, cream-like consistency, which is slightly thicker than background paints and retains brush texture as a compositional and textural effect. White paint appears extremely matte. Darker values, by contrast, were prepared with more fluid, cream consistencies and allowed to flow and level into the texture of the canvas. O'Keeffe applies paint at the margins of forms using nearly continuous, curvilinear brush strokes with the brush positioned at a low angle to the canvas, resulting in a continuous, raised ridge of paint at the edge of each form. Surrounding brushwork is generally parallel to the linear directions defined by these edges, with no underlying or subsequent brushwork moving perpendicular to the linear form. Occasionally, adjacent forms do not overlap, and the artist has chosen to allow a "holiday" of unpainted, primed canvas to be a visible detail in the composition, with graphite underdrawing residues sometimes visible. Colors in the painting have been characterized using x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy at 15kV, 33 kV, and 40kV, and 28.8, 18, and 3.8 µA under full vacuum, as zinc oxide white, P/Ca bone black, Co-Fe-Pb-Cr violet, and Fe ochre-Cr tan.

Surface Coating: The work appears to be unvarnished.

Framing, Backing, and Hanging Hardware: The work is framed in a contemporary, micro-environmentally buffered, and gasketed Ni/Al metal-leaf "clam shell" profile frame, a reproduction of Georgia O'Keeffe's original design, created by framer/artist George Of. The buffering media is ArtSorb sheet, buffered to 45% RH, contained with the Marvelseal-lined frame backing panel with a micro-chamber activated charcoal/zeolite clay embedded paper cover as the dust-proof barrier. The glazing is Optium® tin salt-coated, UV-absorbing, static-free, non-reflective acrylic. The Optium glazing has a Volara closed-cell polyethylene gasket/pad. The frame is fitted with a laminated, Volara-gasketed backing strainer, which has a Security mirror-hanger and T-bolt hardware as well as D-rings.

CONDITION NARRATIVE

Currently, all paints appear secure and stable, despite microscopic, intermittent, limited, and superficial cracking in the paints at the stretcher bar turn-down edges and isolated high warp threads. Despite the single key, the canvas remains moderately taut on the stretcher and has only planar deformations associated with the artist's original stretching. The matte, opaque zinc oxide white in the upper, viewer's left corner appears to have a modulation of opacity related to the thickness of the paint application and brushwork textures.

The work formerly had a series of generalized small, spatter droplets of accreted white wall paint, as well as finger smudge soiling generalized across the edges. These were removed in the 2017 cleaning. Three prominent, bright white, pinpoint holidays are visible. There is a superficial horizontal abrasion/scuff with dark media in the lower viewer's right corner. There is a horizontal line of thinned paint, below the midpoint and just viewer-right of center, which is associated with four proud threads. This is not an abrasion but apparently part of the artist's technique. The work appears unvarnished, and there is little sign of aluminum stearate blanching in the dark paint layers.